企业国外参展应注意的知识产权法律问题
IPR Legal Issue That Enterprise Shall Pay Attention
to While Attending Exhibition Abroad

北京市中银（南京）律师事务所 高级合伙人 李 俭
Beijing Zhongyin (Nanjing) law firm Senior partner: Li Jian

企业的产品在国外的各种博览会上参展，是企业走出国门、走向世界的重要一步，也是企业直接向国外的客户展示自己产品、品牌和企业的最好机会。通过短短的几天，就可以接触到国外大量的潜在客户，让客户对自己的产品和品牌有个直观、形象的认识，而且有利于双方面对面的交流，有利于双方就此建立直接的联系，加快企业跟国际市场的接轨。
It is an important pace for enterprise to step abroad and towards the world and also a best opportunity for enterprise to directly exhibit their products and brand to foreign customers while attending various kinds of exhibitions abroad.
近年来，国内越来越多的企业通过在参加产品博览会等国外参展的方式推销自己的产品，但在参展的过程中也遇到了很多的法律问题，有的甚至遭遇了参展产品当场被扣押、甚至被起诉的尴尬局面。企业在国外参展一般会遇到以下知识产权方面的法律问题：
In recent years, more and more domestic enterprises market their products by attending products fair abroad, but some of them encounter many legal issues and even face the awkward situation that their products on show were detained on the exhibition spot or even were sued. Generally speaking, enterprises may encounter following legal issues concerning IPR while attending product exhibition abroad.
1．展台设计、广告手册、宣传标语、图片等，如产品说明书、现场演示用软件或背景音乐等，若处理不当容易侵犯当事人的著作权；
1. Design of exhibition booth, brochure of broadcast, advertising slogan, pictures etc, such as product specification, software for live demo or background music etc. If you handle it improperly, you may easily infringe other’s copyright.
2．不当使用他人的注册商标，容易侵犯当事人的商标权，尤其是驰名商标权利；
Improperly use of other’s registered trademark may easily infringe other’s right of trademark, esp. well-known trademark.
3．产品外观设计参加展览的产品一般都是最先进的成果，所以其中很大一部分具备专利性。 这也是企业参展中最容易产生法律问题的地方。
Product of design that attend exhibition usually represents most advanced achievements, and most of which are of patentability. This is the right place that it may easily cause legal problem during exhibition.
一般而言，欧盟在对待展会侵犯知识产权的情况一旦查证属实，会采取以下一些法律手段：
Generally speaking, EU will take following legal measures in case the infringement of IP has been verified during the exhibition.
1、 向涉嫌侵权方发出“警告信”
Send warning letter to a suspect of infringing party.
在德国知识产权纠纷中，警告信是权利人提出诉讼前的要求书，一般由权利人的代理律师起草和发出，权利人将会要求其认为的侵权人停止正在进行的侵权行为，并承诺不再实施侵权行为。
In IP disputes in Germany, warning letter is a statement of requirements before IPR owner lodges a lawsuit which is usually drafted and issued by attorney agent of IPR owner. In the letter, IPR owner will require infringing party to stop infringement act and undertake not to perform infringement no longer.
2、 紧急临时禁令
Urgent temproary injunction
紧急临时禁令程序是法院在紧急情况下发出的临时禁令，以禁止某种行为，从而避免这种行为今后造成的损失。这是知识产权纠纷案中最常见的诉讼程序。
Urgent temporary injunction procedure is a temporary injunction that court issues under emergency circumstances in order to prohibit certain act in order to avoid the loss it may cause in the future. This a most common litigation procedure in IPR disputes.
临时禁令送达时，被告必须立即遵守；如果临时禁令包括扣押命令，原告将扣押产品并保存，直到民事法院作出最终裁决；如果被告不遵守，民事法院将判处高额处罚金并签发针对被告的逮捕令。
When temporary injunction is serviced, defendant must observe right away. If temporary injunction includes a seizure order, plaintiff will detain products and preserve it until civil court makes final decision. If defendant doesn’t observe, civil court will sentence to fines of a large amount and issue a warrant against defendant.
如果产品没有侵权，对临时禁令有这些应对措施：提起对临时禁令的抗辩；申请废除禁令；申请进入主要诉讼程序；要求临时禁令申请人赔偿损失。如果产品侵权，可对案件价值提出抗辩；与权利人沟通谈判，签署和解协议以彻底了结案件，避免进一步的法律费用。
If the product proves not to infringe other’s IPR, there are following answering measures against temporary injunction: file a plea against temporary injunction, apply to abrogate injunction, apply to enter into main litigation procedures, request compensation of loss from applier of temporary injunction. If the product infringes other’s IPR, the product owner may file a plea against case value, communicate with owner of IPR and sign the settlement in order to completely file the case and avoid further legal expenditure.
3、 海关扣押
Customs seizure
经权利人申请，海关发现涉嫌侵权产品入境，有权扣押保全展品。扣押既可在边境，也可在展览会场。产品扣押后，货主可以提出抗辩；如果没有侵权，则申请人要赔偿损失；如果确实侵权，货主可以同意海关销毁产品，以避免进一步的调查程序。
Upon application of IPR owner, in case customs finds products suspected of infringing other’s IPR, it is entitled to detain and preserve exhibited products which can be conducted both on the frontier or exhibition spot. After the products are seizured, its owner can raise a plea. If there is no infringement, the applicant may claim compensation of the loss. If product definitely infringes other’s IPR, product owner may consent with customs to destroy products by melting or burning in order to avoid further investigation procedures.
4、 刑事程序
Criminal procedure
在德国法律下，任何故意侵犯被授予的德国专利和欧洲专利的德国部分都构成刑事犯罪，专利权利人可以向警方和检查官提起刑事诉讼。在紧急情况下，警方可以自行采取行动，或在获得刑事法官的搜查令后开始行动，扣押物品，查封展台。在这种情况下，可以事先告诉警察官和刑事法官争议将涉及复杂技术问题，而且他们不能判定侵权和专利的有效性。如果认为没有侵权，可向法院提出抗辩，申请免予起诉。切不可置之不理，否则产品将丧失德国市场。
Under German laws and regulations, any act of intentionally infringing German and European granted patent will constitute criminal offense that IPR owner may lodge criminal lawsuit towards police station and prosecutor. Under emergency circumstances, police may take action by themselves, or start action after acquiring search warrant from criminal judge to seizure goods and seal up exhibition booth. Under such circumstances, you may tell policeman and criminal judge that as it will involve complicated technical issue, they cannot judge infringement and the effectiveness of patent. If one thinks there is no infringement, he can raise a plea to court and apply for immunity from suit, but he cannot ignore, otherwise, he may lose Germany market.
一旦在欧盟其中一国涉嫌侵权，强制措施将同样适用于欧盟各国。
Once your product constitutes a suspect of infringement act in any of EU countries, compulsory measures will be adapted to all other EU countries similarly.
随着会展经济的蓬勃发展，展览会上知识产权问题也日益凸显，给展会市场带来了干扰与负面影响。知识产权侵权问题已经成为中国企业进入海外市场的首要问题之一，企业如何能保证在国外参加产品博览会能卓有成效但同时又能有效地避免法律风险呢？应从以下三个方面进行把握。
With the development of exhibition economy, IPR issue on the exhibition becomes highlighted increasingly which brings disturbance and negative effect on exhibition market. IPR infringement issue has become primary problem for Chinese enterprise entering into overseas market. How can enterprise guarantee the high effectiveness of product exhibition at abroad and simultaneously effectively avoid legal risks? Enterprise shall proceed from three points as follows:
一、参展前的充分准备
Full preparation before exhibition
（一） 先行了解
Investigation beforehand
为了避免在国际展会上遇到知识产权纠纷，中国企业非常有必要了解和熟悉参展国相关的知识产权法律，在参展前进行必要的法律咨询，甚至聘请这方面的专业律师对所在国有关的知识产权问题提供律师建议。展览公司应当有义务提供必要咨询服务，参展商还以向参展国的法律咨询机构或律师咨询，还可以利用互联网进行检索，了解参展国的知识产权保护法律体系和知识产权法的执法机构和执法程序，尽可能降低知识产权纠纷，减少损失。
In order to avoid IPR disputes on the international exhibition, Chinese enterprises are necessary to know and master related IPR laws and regulations of the country where the exhibition locates and conduct necessary legal consultation before exhibition even engage a professional IPR lawyer to provide lawyer’s opinions and suggestions. Exhibition company shall be obliged to provide necessary consultation service. Exhibition participant can consult with local legal consultation institution or lawyer or search on the internet to understand IPR protection law system and executive institution and its procedures of hosting country in order to decrease IPR disputes and reduce loss.
另外，对于自己携带参展的产品，最好能确定其合法的来源。如果是从企业获得的产品，则必须由其出具相应的手续如授权参展的证明文件等，以证明其来源的合法性，或者提供相关的专利证书复印件等。
财政部


财政部《关于粮食政策调整后企业若干会计处理问题的规定》
1994年10月27日，财政部

根据国家深化粮食流通体制改革的有关政策和措施，现就粮食企业有关会计处理问题规定如下：
一、政策性补贴的处理
企业应在年终决算前对“应收补贴款”科目的核算内容进行调整，核算企业应收财政部门的各项补贴，包括记入企业盈亏的和不记入企业盈亏的补贴款。1992年3月31日以前，清理划出的政策性财务挂帐，也通过本科目核算。本科目所属明细科目的设置应与“政策性补贴明细表”（附后）项目相同。
1．企业对应收补贴款的核算内容进行调整时，对原在“应弥补亏损”“应收加价款”“其他应收款”等科目中核算的属于1992年3月31日以前发生的政策性财务挂帐，借记“应收补贴款——政策性财务挂帐”科目，贷记“应弥补亏损”“应收加价款”“其他应收款”等科目；对于1992年3月31日以后发生的各项政策性补贴，借记“应收补贴款（粮油价格补贴、粮油费用和利息补贴、扶持性补贴）”科目，贷记“应弥补亏损”“应收加价款”“其他应收款”等科目。
经过上述调整，原“应弥补亏损”和“应收加价款”科目相应取消，“其他应收款”科目不再核算各种补贴和财务挂帐的内容。
2．企业经过调帐以后，按规定计算出应收财政部门的各种补贴时，记入盈亏的部分，借记“应收补贴款（有关明细科目）”科目，贷记“补贴收入”科目；不记入盈亏的部分，如企业在收购环节发生的收购粮食价外补贴等，按定购价款，借记“商品采购”等科目，按应收的补贴款，借记“应收补贴款（粮油价格补贴——收购粮食价格补贴）”科目，按实际支付或应付的全部价款，贷记“银行存款”“应付帐款”等科目。
收到各项补贴和收到核销政策性财务挂帐款时，借记“银行存款”科目，贷记“应收补贴款（有关明细科目）”科目。
二、粮食帐务挂帐的处理
按照财政部（94）财商明字8号电报等有关规定，清理核实1992年3月末的财务挂帐，包括政策性财务挂帐、经营性财务挂帐和尚待处理的其他财务挂帐三部分。政策性财务挂帐在“应收补贴款——政策性财务挂帐”科目核算，经营性财务挂帐通过“利润分配——未分配利润（经营性财务挂帐）”科目核算，尚待确认责任的其他财务挂帐，通过“待处理财产损溢——待处理流动资产损溢（其他财务挂帐）”科目核算。
1．企业应对原“利润分配——未分配利润”科目的核算内容进行清理转帐，属于转出的政策性财务挂帐，借记“应收补贴款——政策性财务挂帐”，属于转出的待处理其他财务挂帐，借记“待处理财产损溢——待处理流动资产损溢（其他财务挂帐）”科目，贷记“利润分配——未分配利润”科目；经营性财务挂帐，在“利润分配——未分配利润”科目下设专户核算，借记“利润分配——未分配利润（经营性财务挂帐）”科目，贷记“利润分配——未分配利润”科目。从其他方面转入的经营性财务挂帐，凡属亏损挂帐的，借记“利润分配——未分配利润（经营性财务挂帐）”科目，贷记有关科目；凡属其他经营性财务挂帐的，借记“营业外支出——清理财务挂帐”科目，贷记有关科目。

2．企业尚待确认责任的其他财务挂帐，借记“待处理财产损溢——待处理流动资产损溢（其他财务挂帐）”科目，贷记有关科目。确认责任后，分别转入政策性财务挂帐或经营性财务挂帐，借记“应收补贴款——政策性财务挂帐”科目或“利润分配——未分配利润（经营性财务挂帐）”科目，贷记“待处理财产损溢——待处理流动资产损溢（其他财务挂帐）”科目。
三、企业用利润以外的资金弥补经营性财务挂帐时，借记有关科目，贷记“利润分配——专项弥补财务挂帐”等科目。
四、各类储备粮油调拨销售差价款的处理
企业应在“其他应交款”科目中设置“应交储备粮油差价款”明细科目，核算企业调拨销售储备粮油应上交的差价款，并分别储备粮油差价款的类别，如“国家储备粮食差价款”“国家储备食油差价款”“专项储备粮食差价款”“地方储备粮食差价款”“地方储备食油差价款”等进行核算。
企业销售储备粮油时，借记“银行存款”等科目，贷记“商品销售收入”科目，同时将国家规定应上交的差价款部分，借记“商品销售收入”科目，贷记“其他应交款——应交储备粮油差价款”科目。上交差价款时，借记“其他应交款——应交储备粮油差价款”等科目，贷记“银行存款”科目。
五、企业归还吞吐调节粮财政代垫利息、费用款的处理
企业应在“其他应交款”科目中设置“应交吞吐调节粮代垫利息和费用”明细科目，核算企业销售吞吐调节粮应归还财政代垫的利息、费用款，其帐务处理比照上述第四条的规定处理。
六、会计报表的处理
为了反映粮食流通体制改革有关政策的实施情况，应对《商品流通企业会计制度》中有关会计报表进行调整和补充。
1．在损益表“商品销售收入”项目（第1行）下，设置“减：抵扣销售收入的应交款”项目（1－1行），反映企业调拨销售各类储备粮油按规定应上交的差价款和销售吞吐调节粮应归还财政代垫的利息、费用款。
2．在利润分配表“盈余公积补亏”项目（第11行）下，设置“专项弥补的财务挂帐”项目（11－1行），反映企业当年用利润以外的资金弥补经营性财务挂帐的数额。
3．在财务状况变动表“提取盈余公积（用盈余公积补亏以“－”号表示）”项目（第24行）下，设置“专项弥补的财务挂帐（以“－”号表示）”项目（24－1行），反映企业当年用利润以外的资金弥补经营性财务挂帐的数额。
4．粮食企业应增设“政策性补贴明细表”（会商02表附表3），反映企业各种政策性补贴的拨补情况。企业应根据“应收补贴款”科目及其所属明细科目分析填列。（政策性补贴明细表略）